Why Does Jesus Say He Gives a New Commandment in John 13:34?

The question arises, why does Jesus refer to a new commandment in John 13:34, when previous commandments already exist? This article aims to explore this conundrum, contrasting the existing commandments with the new one, and the implications for modern Christians.

The Existing Commandments

Commandments are vital components of religious faith, guiding individuals and communities towards righteousness and ethical behavior. In the Bible, commandments are frequently referenced, primarily through the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Leviticus.

Leviticus 19:18 - The Mosaic Commandment

Leviticus 19:18, included in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, states, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' This commandment, while essential, is rooted in self-love, emphasizing a reciprocal relationship. It serves as a foundation for moral conduct, but it is limited in scope.

John 13:34 - The New Commandment

In contrast, John 13:34 introduces a new commandment that stands apart from the Mosaic commandment. Jesus says, 'A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another.' (John 13:34, NRSV).

This new commandment shifts the focus from self-love to agape, a form of love that is selfless and unmerited, deeply connected to the character of God as love. This agape love, as described in 1 John 4:8, is not limited to human action but extends to the realm of divine action.

The Difference Between 'Aheb' and 'Agape'

The distinction between 'aheb,' the Hebrew word for 'love,' and 'agape,' the Greek word for the divine love, is crucial. 'Aheb' is more emotional and human, while 'agape' is the unconditional and selfless love of God. Jesus’ new commandment in John 13:34 hinges on this agape love.

Theological Implications: The agape love is not something humans can naturally achieve. It is a gift from God, revealed through Jesus Christ, who lived an entirely selfless life in fulfillment of this commandment. This is poignantly illustrated by Jesus giving His life for His disciples, as described in John 13:1-17.

Empowerment Through the Holy Spirit: John 14:16-17 and Romans 5:5 indicate that the Holy Spirit, embodying the love of God, dwells in believers. This means that the ability to love others in the divine agape way comes from the Holy Spirit, enabling true New Covenant believers to love one another as Christ has loved them.

The Nature of the New Covenant

Understanding the New Covenant is essential to grasp the significance of this new commandment. The New Covenant, initiated after the death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus, emphasizes grace, forgiveness, and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. It was not active during the time of the Old Covenant.

Biblical Foundation: The New Covenant is detailed in Jeremiah 31:31-34 and reinforced in Hebrews 8:6-13. In the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Jesus teaches both the Mosaic covenant and introduces the new covenant. The gospel of John, written later, primarily focuses on the New Covenant doctrines.

Conclusion

Jesus' new commandment in John 13:34 builds upon and expands the existing commandments, integrating a higher form of love that is both selfless and universal. While the Mosaic commandment in Leviticus 19:18 sets a foundation for ethical living, the New Commandment in John 13:34 offers a transformative path rooted in divine agape. This new commandment is a powerful sign of the New Covenant and its entitlement to true love.