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Handshakes at a Meeting: A Combinatorial Problem and Its Variations
Handshakes at a Meeting: A Combinatorial Problem and Its Variations
Java jurisdictions Combinatorics, specifically the arrangement of handshakes, always presents an interesting challenge when dealing with interactions between entities. One classic combinatorial problem arises when a meeting occurs where each attendee shakes hands with every other attendee. How elegant is the solution to determine how many people were in the room, given the total number of handshakes?
Determining the Number of People from Handshakes
The problem: At a meeting, every person shakes hands with every other person exactly one time. If there were exactly 21 handshakes, how many people were at the meeting? Let's explore this step-by-step using combinatorial mathematics.
The easiest way to approach this is to envision the meeting. If we have n people, each person will shake hands with n-1 others. This results in:
[Total handshakes frac{n(n-1)}{2}]
Given that the total number of handshakes is 21, we can set up the equation:
[ frac{n(n-1)}{2} 21 ]
Multiplying through by 2, we get:
[n(n-1) 42]
Factoring 42, the factors are 7 and 6, so n must be 7 (since n-1 cannot be negative).
Case Study: 20 People in a Room
Let's extend this problem to a similar but larger scenario: Suppose there are 20 people in a room, and they shake hands with each other. The total number of handshakes, considering the multiplicative principle, is:
[Total handshakes binom{20}{2} frac{20 times 19}{2} 190]
Since every handshake involves two people, we divide by 2 to get the correct count.
Generalizing the Problem
The general formula to find the number of handshakes for n people is based on combinations. The total handshakes form a complete graph, where each vertex (person) is connected to all others:
[n C 2 frac{n(n-1)}{2}]
This represents the number of ways to choose 2 out of n distinct elements.
Solving Specific Scenarios
Let's solve for smaller and larger numbers of participants:
7 People Each person shakes hands with 6 others. Total handshakes: 7 * 6 / 2 21By the formula, the number of ways to choose 2 people out of 7 is:
[binom{7}{2} frac{7 times 6}{2} 21]
20 People
Total handshakes: 20 * 19 / 2 190 (as explained earlier).
Using the combination formula, this is:
[binom{20}{2} frac{20 times 19}{2} 190]
110 People
Total handshakes: 110 * 109 / 2 5995.
Conclusion
The problem of determining the number of handshakes in a room of people who all shake hands with each other is a classic example in combinatorics and graph theory. The elegance of the solution lies in recognizing these problems as combination formulas, which provide a clear path to the answer.